First, this article was not my idea. It was recommend by my daughter-in-law. I said, "L, give me a incorporate of article ideas." She view the way she does all the time and ultimately said, "You know, I would like to know about Mussolini."
The presume she wants to know about El Duce is that she learned dinky about him in her youth, yet he is in the background of her mind. "I would like to know more about him," she said.
April Fool Jokes School
Of course, I know all that is important to know about Mussolini just like I know all that is important to know about Tojo and Hitler.
I've read all the best books about Hitler but they add dinky to the brain of one "Who Was There."
In 1939 at the time when German forces invaded Poland, I remember walking with my older Brother, A, and his friends. It was a warm fall evening and the moon was out and what they said scared me to chilling death. And when watching a skit at the church (our cultural center), the site of storm troopers stomping into a home with dinky children, threatening them with bayonets, and taking their books and burning them, I knew that Hitler was a bad man indeed. (Books were everything to me. I lived in the library.)
Now let's see. In 1939, I was seven years old.
I learned about Japan on December 7, 1941. On hearing that our navy was practically wholly destroyed at Pearl Harbor, my cousin and I incredible to see Japanese aircraft in the blue sky overhead at any minute. Chilled again!
I was now practically ten years old. That is when I first heard the name, Tojo. He was in all the cartoons. We learned to hate Tojo for sure. We blamed for everything taking place in the Pacific on Tojo.
I recently read a book about Tojo and his trial after World War Ii. I fulfilled, that we should not blame him for all the atrocities of that war. Tojo told the tribunal that we should blame the field commanders. Anyway, he was put to death when he could have remained a great source of historical information. He was the only bad guy left. He wasn't a threat to whatever and a exquisite gentleman. I guess he didn't fool the tribunal, just me.
Bye, bye!
During the war we all knew "the Moose," "El Duce," Mussolini. He was the fat guy in the brown uniform all the time shooting off his mouth. Like Hitler, he was a bodily while World War I. Hitler admired him greatly and rescued him from partisans, but near the end of World War Ii he was ultimately shot and hung out to dry in the communal quadrate in Milan. (I was there some years back. Somebody had moved the bodies.)
You can learn about Mussolini's early life at: http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2Wwmussolini.htm.
I quote: "Benito Mussolini was born in Forli, Italy in 1883. After working briefly as a schoolteacher, Mussolini fled to Switzerland in 1902 in an attempt to evade forces service.
"Mussolini returned to Italy in 1904 and over the next ten years worked as a journalist and eventually became editor of "Avanti." Mussolini was active in the socialist movement but moved to right in 1914 when the Italian government failed to preserve the Triple Alliance. In 1915 Mussolini resigned from the Socialist Party when it advocated preserve for the Allies in the First World War.
"When Italy entered the war Mussolini served in the Italian Army and eventually reached the rank of corporal. After being wounded he returned to Milan to edit the right-wing "Il Popolo d'Italia." The journal demanded that the Allies fully supported Italy's demands at the Paris Peace Conference."
(For those of you who like to know such things, the Triple Alliance was a defense contract in the middle of Italy, Germany, and Austria-Hungary.)
Benito Mussolini invaded areas throughout Africa. (He used mustard gas on home guards, the only leader to use gas while the war.) He was stopped by the British. Despite the entry of Germany into the African campaign, the British, with aid from general Eisenhower, won.
The allies wanted Mussolini wholly out of the war so they invaded Sicily. It helped to take the pressure off the suffering Soviet armies and in case,granted a base for the invasion of Italy.
Listen! This is what Mussolini said in 1929:
"In the creation of a new State which is authoritarian but not absolutist, hierarchical and organic - namely, open to the habitancy in all its classes, categories and interests - lies the great revolutionary originality of Fascism, and a teaching perhaps for the whole contemporary world oscillating in the middle of the authority of the State and that of the individual, in the middle of the State and the anti-State. Like all other revolutions, the Fascist revolution has had a dramatic development but this in itself would not suffice to distinguish it. The reign of terror is not a revolution: it is only a essential instrument in a carefully phase of the revolution."
As kids, we view that Mussolini was a clown, a big fat buffoon. We had fullness of jokes about the Italian army too. We didn't think they were much of a fighting force. The Italian partisans view differently. They knew that Mussolini was an evil tyrant that had brought misery to thousands of people.
They were out to get him for sure.
Using our primary reference we read of Mussolini's death. The article is from the "Manchester Guardian:"
"30th April, 1945. Mussolini, with mistress, Clara Petacci, and twelve members of his Cabinet, were executed by partisans in a village on Lake Como yesterday afternoon, after being arrested in an attempt to cross the Swiss frontier. The bodies were brought to Milan last night. A partisan knocked at my door early this morning to tell me the news.
"We drove out to the working-class quarter of Loreto and there were the bodies heaped together with ghastly promiscuity in the open quadrate under the same fence against which one year ago fifteen partisans had been shot by their own countrymen.
"Mussolini's body lay across that of Petacci. In his dead hand had been placed the brass ensign of the Fascist Arditi. With these fourteen were also the bodies of Farinacci and Starace, two former general secretaries of the Fascist party, and Teruzzo, at one time minister of Colonies who had been caught elsewhere and executed by partisans.
"Mussolini was caught yesterday at Dongo, Lake Como, driving by himself in a car with his uniform covered by a German greatcoat. He was driving in a column of German cars to escape notice but was recognized by an Italian Customs guard.
"The others were caught in a neighboring village. They comprise Pavolini, Barracu, and other lesser lights in Fascist world on whom Mussolini had to call in later days to staff his puppet Government.
"This is the first conspicuous example of mob justice in liberated Italy. Otherwise the partisans have been kept well under operate by their leaders. The view expressed this morning by the partisan C.-in-C., general Cadorna, son of the former field marshal, was that such incidents in themselves were regrettable. Nevertheless, in this case he carefully the performance a good thing, since beloved indignation against the Fascists demanded some satisfaction. The risk of protracted trials, such as has been taking place in Rome, was thus avoided."
Mussolini's beautiful wife said after his death that he had done nothing wrong except run off with Clara Petacci.
Anyway, the Moose was dead!
Bye, bye!
P.S. I know that this will only peak the interest of my dear daughter-in-law. Other good sources are: http://cidc.library.cornell.edu/Dof/italy/italy.htm and, http://www.euronet.nl/users/wilfried/ww2/mussolin.htm,
© John Taylor Jones, Ph.D. 2005
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